| Variable | Explanatory note | Source |
| Resource governance | Resource governance describes the way in which governments regulate and manage the use of natural resources as well as the redistribution of costs and revenues deriving from those resources. This includes the regulation and administration of the extraction process, the way resources are processed and traded, and the control over resource-specific revenues. | The Bonn International Center for Conversion (BICC), 2007. |
| Resource Governance Index | ||
| Resource Governance Index | The Resource Governance Index is based on secondary data from various sources combining general measures of good governance - Regime type, Political Rights, Civil Liberties and Press Freedom - with governance indicators that link strongly to the management and regulation of the resource sector (Social and Labor conditions, Environment, Communities, Trade) and the revenues deriving from those resources (Income, Spending and Transparency). | The Bonn International Center for Conversion (BICC), 2007. |
Regime type Autocracy/ Transitional/ Democracy |
The regime measure POLITY scores a countries regime type on a twenty point scale with the minus figures indicating the degree of Autocracy and the plus figures scaling the level of democracy. General Polity scores (i.e., DEMOC-AUTOC) ranging from -5 to +5 are considered "incoherent polities" that are highly associated with regime instability and volatility. As such, polities scored within this range should also be considered transitional polities. | Center for International Development and Conflict Management (CIDCM) - Polity IV Project: Political Regime Characteristics and Transitions. Monty G. Marshall & Keith Jaggers, 2004. |
Political rights 1 (=highest) - 7 (=lowest) |
Political Rights are measured on a one-to-seven scale, with one representing the highest degree of freedom and seven the lowest. | Freedom House: Freedom in the World reports |
Civil liberties 1 (=highest) - 7 (=lowest) |
Civil Liberties are measured on a one-to-seven scale, with one representing the highest degree of Freedom and seven the lowest. | Freedom House: Freedom in the World reports |
Press Freedom Free, Partly free, Not free |
Countries scoring 0 to 30 are regarded as having "Free" media; 31 to 60, "Partly Free" media; and 61 to 100 as not free. A free press plays a key role in sustaining and monitoring a healthy democracy, as well as in contributing to greater accountability, good government, and economic development. | Freedom House: Freedom in the World reports |
Freedom of assembly and association Severely restricted/ Limited/ Virtually unrestricted |
It is an internationally recognized right of citizens to assembly freely and to associate with other persons in political parties, trade unions, cultural organizations, or other special-interest groups. This variable evaluates the extent to which the freedoms of assembly and association are subject to actual governmental limitations or restrictions (as opposed to strictly legal protections). | The Cingranelli-Richards (CIRI) Human Rights Dataset |
Worker's rights Severely restricted/ Somewhat restricted/ Fully protected |
Workers should have freedom of association at their workplaces and the right to bargain collectively with their employers. In addition, they should have other rights at work. The 1984 Generalized System of Preferences (GSP) agreement of the World Trade Organization requires reporting on worker rights in GSP beneficiary countries. It states that internationally recognized worker rights include: (A) the right of association; (B) the right to organize and bargain collectively; (C) a prohibition on the use of any form of forced or compulsory labor; (D) a minimum age for the employment of children; and (E) acceptable conditions of work with respect to minimum wages, hours of work, and occupational safety and health. | The Cingranelli-Richards (CIRI) Human Rights Dataset |
Nationally protected areas % of total land area |
Nationally protected areas are totally or partially protected areas of at least 1,000 hectares that are designated as scientific reserves with limited public access, national parks, natural monuments, nature reserves or wildlife sanctuaries, and protected landscapes. | The World Bank, World Development Indicators WDI Data Handbook; 2000, 2002, 2003, 2005, 2007. |
Resource independence 0 (=lowest) - 1 (=highest) |
The variable Resource Independence was obtained in two steps. First, Resource Dependence was derived by adding up revenues from various natural resources; (In the database, we totaled revenues from oil, gas, coal, diamonds, gold, copper, iron, cobalt, sugar, coffee, cocoa, poppy, cotton, rubber). The sum was later divided by the total merchandise exports of a country for that year. After normalizing results, the equation Resource Independence = 1 - Resource Dependence was used. | The Bonn International Center for Conversion (BICC), 2007, referring to the following sources: BP, The BP Statistical Review of World Energy Centre for the Study of Civil War (CSCW). Geographical and Resource Datasets World Bank<, em>World Development Indicators 2007. US Geological Survey (USGS), Minerals Information Kimberley Process, KP Rough Diamonds Statistics Info Diamond, World Diamond Mining Production UNCTAD, Info Comm. Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), FAOSTAT |
Wealth redistribution 0 (=lowest) - 1 (=highest) |
Wealth Redistribution was calculated by summing up Health and Education expenditures as a percentage of total government expenses, per country, per year, and normalized based on occurrence. | World Bank: World Development Indicators (WDI) / WDI, 2007, p. 74 World Health Organization: World Health Report 2006 UNESCO Institute for Statistics |
Resource Regime Compliance Index 0 (=lowest) - 10 (=highest) |
The Resource Regime Compliance Index (RRI) measures the degree to which countries are member of relevant treaties and conventions. In total, twenty-two conventions and agreements are included dealing with social and labor standards, environment, communities/minorities, and resource specific trade agreements (e.g. coffee, cocoa, diamonds) and conventions on revenues and transparency. Resource Regime Compliance Indicator (RRI):
|
The Bonn International Center for Conversion (BICC), 2007, based on the following sources: International Labour Organization Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) UNESCO: International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO) International Coffee Organization (ICO) International Cocoa Organization (ICCO) International Sugar Agreement, UN Treaty collection Kimberley Process Certification Scheme |
| Internal Conflict | ||
| Internal Conflict | Most generally, the term "conflict" refers to a state of opposition, disagreement or incompatibility between two or more individuals or groups. For the present database we look into "conflict intensity" and "conflict duration" based on data generate by the Heidelberg Institute for International Conflict Research (HIIK) and the Uppsala Conflict Data Programme. HIIK defines conflict as " the clashing of interests (positional differences) over national values of some duration and magnitude between at least two parties (organized groups, states, groups of states organizations) that are determined to pursue their interests and win their cases" (HIIK 2006:0). | |
Conflict intensity No conflict/ non-violent, latent conflict/ non-violent, manifest conflict/ crises, partly violent/ serious crises, repeated and/or organized use of violence/ war |
Conflict intensity" is based on data generate by the Heidelberg Institute for International Conflict Research (HIIK). The following scoring HIIK is being followed and calculated by a factor 2 for displaying it in the 10 scale graphic. 0=no conflict 1 (x2)= non-violent, latent conflict 2 (x2)= non-violent, manifest conflict 3 (x2)= crises, partly violent 4 (x2)= serious crises, repeated and/ or organised use of violence 5 (x2) = war |
Heidelberg Institute for International Conflict Research. Konfliktbarometer, 1996 until 2006 |
Conflict duration Number of months, for the specific year. |
Duration of the Conflict in months for the specific year. The calculation is based on data provided on start and termination dates but also on intensity level. This regards only violent phases of the conflict (i.e. intensity level 3 or more according to the HIIK and/or minor conflict and war according to UPPSALA). If only a year is provided as starting date, the first year is not counted, so here the duration would be 0. If however there has been a non-violent phase prior to this year the first year in which the conflict is carried out violently is counted as 12. If the violent phase of a conflict ends in the same year as it starts and the exact duration can not be calculated, NO duration is given (= no entry). If both databases (HIIK and UPPSALA) do not provide any information as regards conflict intensity, than NO duration is given for this year (=no entry). NOTE: Intensity level 3 (HIIK) and minor conflict intensity (UPPSALA) do not necessarily mean, that armed fighting has been going on throughout the whole year; it rather means that there have been a (not quantified) number of instances where violence and/or armed force was used. Nonetheless since no more detailed information is given, these years are listed as 12 (months). |
Heidelberg Institute for International Conflict Research. Konfliktbarometer, 1996 until 2006 |
| Natural Resources | ||
| Resource type | Oil, gas and minerals are listed for a country when the export value was at minimum 0.5% of the total merchandise export value in 2005 and/ or the resource was referred to resource of "commercial importance" in the CIA world book. Agricultural commodities and timber are listed when the export value was at minimum 0.1% of the total merchandise export value in 2005 (and/or mentioned as resource of "commercial importance" in the CIA world book in case of timber). (Sugar and Poppy are small amounts in term of export value compared to other commodities and therefore only listed in very few cases.) |
BP, The BP Statistical Review of World Energy CIA, The World Factbook. Centre for the Study of Civil War (CSCW). Geographical and Resource Datasets World Bank, World Development Indicators 2007. US Geological Survey (USGS), Minerals Information Kimberley Process, KP Rough Diamonds Statistics Info Diamond, World Diamond Mining Production UNCTAD, Info Comm. Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), FAOSTAT |
Resource dependence Moderate/ High/ Very high |
Resource Dependence was derived by adding up revenues from various natural
resources; (In the database, we totaled revenues from oil, gas, coal, diamonds,
gold, copper, iron, cobalt, sugar, coffee, cocoa, poppy, cotton, rubber)
divided by the total merchandise exports of a country for that year. After
normalizing results, the countries were grouped in three separate categories
for the years 1996-2006 corresponding with the dependence ratio rating moderate,
high and very high.
|
BP, The BP Statistical Review of World Energy CIA, The World Factbook. Centre for the Study of Civil War (CSCW). Geographical and Resource Datasets World Bank, World Development Indicators 2007. US Geological Survey (USGS), Minerals Information Kimberley Process, KP Rough Diamonds Statistics Info Diamond, World Diamond Mining Production UNCTAD, Info Comm. Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), FAOSTAT |
Resource abundance Low/ Moderate/ High |
Resource Abundance was calculated as the total export value of natural resources in a country (oil, gas, coal, diamonds, gold, copper, iron, sugar, coffee, cocoa, poppy, cotton, rubber, timber) divided by the population figure of the country. Countries were grouped in three categories for the years 1996- 2005 according to the Export-value-per-capita (in USD) rating low, moderate and high. (The year 2006 lists 2005 data because not all 2006 data was available yet.) |
BP, The BP Statistical Review of World Energy CIA, The World Factbook. Centre for the Study of Civil War (CSCW). Geographical and Resource Datasets World Bank, World Development Indicators 2007. US Geological Survey (USGS), Minerals Information Kimberley Process, KP Rough Diamonds Statistics Info Diamond, World Diamond Mining Production UNCTAD, Info Comm. Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), FAOSTAT |
| Country facts | ||
Income country low- income/ lower middle-income/ upper middle-income/ high-income |
Low-income economies are those with a GNI per capita of $875 or less in 2005. Middle-income economies are those with a GNI per capita of more than $875 but less than 10,726. Lower middle-income and upper middle income economies are separated at a GNI per capita of $3,454. High-income economies are those with a GNI per capita of $10,726 or more. (See country reports WDI for specific values for different years.) | World Development Indicators (WDI), The World Bank Group |
Gross Domestic Product US$ millions, constant 2000 |
Gross domestic product (GDP) is the sum of value added by all resident producers plus any product taxes (less subsidies) not included in the valuation of output. (WDI, 2007:17) | World Development Indicators (WDI), The World Bank Group |
Human Development Index 0 (=lowest) - 1 (=highest) |
The Human Development Index (as reported in the UNDP Development Report) is a way of measuring development by combining indicators of life expectancy, educational attainment and income, offering a frame a frame of reference for both social and economic development. The HDI sets a minimum and a maximum for each dimension, called goalposts, and then shows where each country stands in relation to these goalposts, expressed as a value between 0 and 1. Note: The data displayed for 1996 is the 1995 HDI. |
UNDP Human Development Report 2006 |